Task+2

= __Task 2 Individual/Pair/Group work __ = =__Etymology __= ===The name Gibraltar is the [|Spanish] derivation of the [|Arabic] name Jabal Tāriq (جبل طارق), meaning "mountain of Tariq". It refers to the geological formation, the [|Rock of Gibraltar], which in turn was named after the [|Berber] [|Umayyad] general [|Tariq ibn-Ziyad] who led the initial incursion [|into Iberia in advance of the main Moorish force] in 711 under the command of Umayyad Caliph [|Al-Walid I]. Earlier, it was known as [|Mons Calpe], one of the [|Pillars of Hercules]. Today, Gibraltar is colloquially referred to as Gib or The Rock. === =__History __= =Change all the verbs in brackets into the past tense =

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===Evidence of [|Neanderthal] habitation in Gibraltar between 128,000 and 24,000 BCE has been discovered at [|Gorham's Cave], making Gibraltar the last known holdout of the Neanderthals. Within recorded history, the first inhabitants ... (be) the [|Phoenicians], around 950 BCE. Subsequently, Gibraltar .... (become ) known as one of the [|Pillars of Hercules], after the [|Greek] legend of the creation of the [|Strait of Gibraltar] by [|Heracles]. The [|Carthaginians] and [|Romans] also .... (establish) semi-permanent settlements. After the collapse of the [|Roman Empire], Gibraltar .... (come ) briefly under the control of the [|Vandals]. The area later ....( form) part of the [|Visigothic Kingdom] of [|Hispania] until the [|Islamic conquest of Iberia] in 711 CE. Seven centuries of Moorish control .... (end) when Gibraltar was recaptured by the [|Duke of Medina Sidonia] in 1462 as part of the Spanish [|Reconquista]. === ===After the conquest, King [|Henry IV] .... (assume ) the title of [|King of Gibraltar], establishing it as part of the [|municipal area] of the [|Campo Llano de Gibraltar]. Six years later Gibraltar was restored to the Duke of Medina Sidonia who .... (sell) it in 1474 to a group of Jewish [|conversos] from [|Córdoba] and [|Seville] in exchange for maintaining the garrison of the town for two years. The 4,350 Jews were expelled two years later by the Duke as part of the [|Inquisition] In 1501 Gibraltar ...( pass) back to the hands of the Spanish Crown and [|Isabella I of Castile] issued a [|Royal Warrant] granting Gibraltar the [|coat of arms] that it still uses today. === ===On 4 August 1704, during the [|War of the Spanish Succession], a combined [|Anglo]-[|Dutch] force captured the town of Gibraltar. === ===Gibraltar was ceded in perpetuity by Spain to Britain under the 1713 [|Treaty of Utrecht] which ... (conclude) the war. Spain ....( attempt) to retake Gibraltar in [|1727] and in [|1779], when it .....( enter) the [|American Revolutionary War] on the [|American] side as an [|ally] of [|France] Gibraltar subsequently became a key base for the [|Royal Navy], first playing an important part prior to the [|Battle of Trafalgar]. Its strategic value .... (increase) with the opening of the [|Suez Canal] as it .....( control) the sea route between the UK and the [|British Empire] east of [|Suez]. === ===In the 1950s, Franco .... (renew) Spain's claim to sovereignty over Gibraltar and ....(restrict) movement between Gibraltar and Spain. Gibraltarians ..... (vote) to remain under British sovereignty in a [|1967 referendum] which ..... (lead) to the passing of the [|Gibraltar Constitution Order] in 1969. In response, Spain (close) the border with Gibraltar and severed all communication links. The border with Spain was partially .... (reopen) in 1982, and fully.....( reopen) in 1985 prior to Spain's accession into the [|European Community]. === ===In [|a referendum held in 2002], [|Gibraltarians] .... (reject) by an overwhelming majority (99%) a proposal of shared sovereignty Spanish and British. === === The British government has committed itself to respecting the Gibraltarians' wishes. A [|new Constitution Order] was approved in referendum in 2006. A process of tripartite negotiations ..... ( start) in 2006 between Spain, Gibraltar and the UK, ending some restrictions and dealing with disputes in some specific areas such as air movements, customs procedures, telecommunications, pensions and cultural exchange] ===
 * ===Vocabulary- Underline unknown words ===

The whole class to check meanings
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